Perbandingan Status Gizi Balita, Data Susenas 2005 Berdasarkan Rujukan Harvard, NCHS, CDC dan Standar WHO
Abstract
Abstract
According to the comparison of WHO curve standards in 2005 with international standards earlier, they said that the prevalence of infants who are underweight and age in the first half-year period will be increased and the prevalence of underweight children above the age of 6 months will be decreased. The aims of this study is to determine the proportion of malnutrition among children under five years between four reference standards and differences of standards (Havard, NCHS, CDC, and WHO Standards) and large of deviation by previous references to the new standards. This analysis used survey design along with comparative study. The sample of this study is children with aged 0-59 months from data SUSENAS 2005 (93.0). The data was collected such as gender, date of birth, date of weighing, and body weight. The results shows the proportion of underweight children underfive year among four references and standards is different in particular ages. In the analysis of sensitivity and specificity shows that the reference category of nutritional deviation value from CDC is lower (2.15% for males and 1.89% for females) than the other standards. The deviation values of Harvard is 8.41% for males and 4.08% for females. The deviation values of NCHS is 4.65% for males and 21.4% for females. The standard instruction of WHO as description of growth “what should be†is the best food for infants aged 0-6 months is only breast milk or we called exclusive breastfeeding and the further we should give additional foods after 6 months by continuing give the breastfeeding until 24 months.
Keywords: children under five year, nutritional status, WHO standardÂ
Abstrak
Pada tahun 2005, WHO mengeluarkan standar internasional baru yang disebut Standar WHO 2005. Oleh WHO, perbandingan kurva standar WHO 2005 dengan standar-standar internasional sebelumnya telah digambarkan dalam grafik dan dikatakan bahwa dengan menggunakan standar WHO, prevalensi bayi yang mengalami kekurangan berat badan dan usianya dalam periode setengah tahun pertama akan meningkat dan prevalensi anak yang berat badannya kurang diatas umur 6 bulan akan menurun. Analisis ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah proprosi balita gizi kurang antara keempat rujukan dan standar (rujukan Harvard, NCHS, CDC dan standar WHO) berbeda dan seberapa besar penyimpangan oleh rujukan-rujukan sebelumnya terhadap standar terbaru. Analisis ini menggunakan pendekatan survei dengan jenis studi komparatif. Sampel adalah kelompok balita usia 0-59 bulan berasal dari data Susenas 2005, sebanyak 93044 balita. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah data jenis kelamin, tanggal lahir, tanggal penimbangan, dan berat badan. Hasil uji beda proporsi menyatakan bahwa proporsi balita gizi kurang antara keempat rujukan dan standar saling berlainan pada umur-umur tertentu. Pada analisis sensitifitas dan spesifisitas tampak bahwa rujukan yang penyimpangan pengkategorian gizi kurangnya paling kecil adalah rujukan CDC (2.15% pada laki-laki dan 1.89% pada perempuan). Penyimpangan pada rujukan Harvard sebesar 8.41% untuk laki-laki dan 4.08% untuk perempuan. Penyimpangan pada rujukan NCHS sebesar 4.65% untuk laki-laki dan 4.21% untuk perempuan. Pesan standar WHO sebagai gambaran pertumbuhan “what should be†adalah bahwa makanan yang terbaik bagi anak usia 0-6 bulan adalah ASI saja atau disebut ASI eksklusif dan selanjutnya diberikan makanan tambahan setelah usia 6 bulan seiring ASI tetap diteruskan sampai umur 24 bulan.
Kata kunci: balita, status gizi, standar WHO
Full Text:
PDF (Bahasa Indonesia)References
Agoes, Dina dan Maria P, Mencegah dan Mengatasi kegemukan pada Balita, Puspa Swara, Jakarta, 2003.
Alisjahbana, Anna, Sri K dan J.A Kusin, Aspek Kesehatan dan Gizi Anak Balita, Yayasan Obor Indonesia, Jakarta, 1985.
Almatsier, Prinsip Dasar Ilmu Gizi, PT Gra-media Pustaka Utama, Jakarta, 2002.
Bogin, Barry, Cambridge Studies in Biologi-cal Anthropology, Patterns of Human Growth, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988.
Supariasa, I.D.N, Bachyar B dan Ibnu F, Penilaian Status Gizi, Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC, Jakarta, 2002.
Centers for Disease Control and Preven-tion (CDC) ANTHRO software, Avai-lable at www.cdc.gov/epiinfo/, Fe-bruari, 2007.
Centers for Disease Control and Preven-tion (CDC) Growth Charts, Available at www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/, Februari, 2007.
Cogill, Bruce, Anthropometric Indicators Measurement Guide, Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project, 2003 Revised Edition, Academy for Educational Development, Washington, 2003.
Daniel, W.W., Biostatistics, A Foundation for Analysis in The Health Sciences, Sixth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, U.S.A., 1995.
Departemen Kesehatan RI, Pemantauan Status Gizi Tingkat Kecamatan, Direktorat Bina Gizi Masyarakat, Jakarta, 1990.
Departemen Kesehatan RI, Standar Pemantauan Pertumbuhan Balita, Departemen Kesehatan RI, Direktorat Jenderal Bina Kesehatan Masyarakat, Jakarta, 2005.
Dewyer, J. T., Concept of Nutritional Status and Its Measurement, Anthropometric Assesment of Nutritional Status, Wiley-Liss, Inc., U.S.A, 1991.
Fletcher, R H., Clinical Epidemiology, the essentials, second edition, Williams & Wilkins, U.S.A, 1982.
Gibson, R. S., Principles of Nutritional Assesment, Oxford University Press, New York, 1990.
Hadi, S, Statistik Jilid 1, ANDI, Yogyakarta, 2001.
Indonesian Nutrition Network, 2002 Analisis Antropometri Balita, Susenas 1989, 1992, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2003 dan 2005. Http://www. Gizi.net, (10 Oktober 2002)
Insel, Paul, R. Elaine Turner dan Don Ross, Nutrition, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Massachusetts, 2001.
Jellife D. B. dan Jeliife E. F. P., 1989 Community Nutritional Assesment, Oxford University Press, New York
Jus'at, Idrus dan Abas Basuni Jahari, 2000 Kumpulan Makalah Diskusi Pakar Bidang Gizi tentang ASI, MP-ASI, Antropometri dan BBLR, Persagi, LIPI, UNICEF, Jakarta
Kohler, Lennart, Gunnar Meeuwisse dan Wigher Mortensson, 1981 Food Intake and Growth of Infants between Six and Twenty-six Weeks of Age on Breast Milk, Cows Milk Formula, or soy Formula, Almqvist & Wiksell Tryckeri AB, Swedia
Minarto, 2006 Berat Badan Tidak Naik Sebagai Indikator Dini Kejadian Gizi kurang pada Bayi Sampai Usia 12 Bulan, Disertasi, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta
Pemerintah Republik Indonesia bekerja sama dengan WHO, 2000 Rencana Aksi Pangan dan Gizi Nasional 2001-2005, Jakarta
Persagi, 1990 Journal of The Indonesian Nutrition Association, Majalah Gizi Indonesia, Jakarta
Satoto, 1990 Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan Anak, Pengamatan Anak Umur 0-18 bulan di kecamatan Mlonggo, Kabupaten Jepara, Jawa Tengah, Disertasi, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang
Shils, Olson, Shike dan Ross, 1999 Modern Nutrition In Health and Disease, Ninth Edition, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, U.S.A
Sinclair, David, 1986 Human Growth After Birth,. Fourth Edition, Oxford University Press, New York
Soetjiningsih, Tumbuh Kembang Anak, Penerbit Buku Kedokteran Anak, Jakarta, 1995.
Stephenson, Lani S, A Comparison of Growth Standards: Similarities Between NCHS, Harvard, Denver and Privileged African Children and Differences with Kenyan Rural Children. Cornell University, New York, 1983.
Tanner, J. M., Foetus Into Man, Physical Growth from Conception to Maturity, Harvard university Press, Massachusetts United Nations University, 1993/1994 Food and Nutrition Bulletin, Vol. 15, Number 4, Tokyo., 1978.
Waterlow, Classification and Definition of Protein Calorie Malnutrition, Brit. Med J, U.S.A, 1972.
Whitney, Catalado, dan Rolfes, Understanding Normal and clinical Nutrition, Third Edition, West Publishing Company, U.S.A, 1991.
Whitney dan Hamilton, Understanding Nutrition, Fourth Edition, West Publishing Company, U.S.A, 1987.
World Bank, Repositioning Nutrition as Central to Development, A Strategy for Large Scale Action, Washington, 2006.
World Health Organization, WHO Child Growth Standards, Technical Report, WHO, Geneva, 2006.
World Health Organization, Physical Status: The Use and Interpretation of Anthropometry. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. Technical Report Series No. 854, WHO, Geneva, 1995.
World Health Organization, Measuring Change in Nutritional Status, WHO, Geneva, 1983.
World Health Organization. WHO Growth Charts, Available at di www.who.int/childgrowth/en, Februari, 2007.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47007/nut.v2i1.665
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Lembaga Penerbitan Universitas Esa Unggul
Jalan Arjuna Utara No 9 Kebon Jeruk Jakarta - Indonesia
(021) 567 4223 ext 266